1. The Pueblo Revolt: On August 12, 1680, the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico took part in one of the largest indigenous uprisings against Spanish colonization. The revolt, which lasted for several days, resulted in the expulsion of the Spanish from New Mexico for over a decade.

2. The Santa Fe Trail: August 12, 1821 marked the opening of the Santa Fe Trail, a historic trade route that connected Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The trail was crucial to the American economy as it facilitated the exchange of goods between the two regions.

3. First atomic bomb test: On August 12, 1945, the world's first atomic bomb test, code-named "Trinity," was successfully conducted in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This marked a pivotal moment in scientific and military history, as the U.S. would go on to use atomic bombs to end World War II.

4. White Sands National Monument: On August 12, 1933, White Sands National Monument was established in southern New Mexico. The park is known for its vast gypsum sand dunes, unique wildlife, and stunning sunsets.

5. Billy the Kid's death: On August 12, 1881, infamous outlaw Billy the Kid was killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. His death marked the end of a life filled with gunfights and crime, and cemented his place in American folklore.